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Early modern explorations : 1496-97: Italian navigator John , under English sponsorship, explored the coasts of Canada and landed on the island of Newfoundland. 1524: Francis I of France sponsored Giovanni da to navigate the region between Florida and Newfoundland in hopes of finding a route to the Pacific Ocean. 1534: Jacques planted a cross on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, in Quebec, and claimed the land in the name of Francis I. 1608 Samuel de then founded what is now Quebec City, it would become the first permanent settlement and the capital of New France.

In 1535, two Indian Youths told Jacques Cartier about the route to "kanata" the Huron-Iroquois word for "village". But Cartier used "Canada" to refer to the region around the St Lawrence.

17th century : While colonizers were well established in parts of Ontario, Quebec, the Maritimes, and modern-day New England, colonizers had control over the Thirteen Colonies to the south and also had laid claim (from 1670, via the Hudson's Bay Company) to Hudson Bay, and its drainage basin (known as Rupert's Land), as well as settlements in Newfoundland. The British colonies were rapidly expanding, while the French fur traders and Aboriginals allies were extended thinly with a population of only 10,679 individuals in 1680. 's exploration of the Mississippi to its mouth in 1682 gave France a claim to a vast area bordering the American Colonies from the Great Lakes and the Ohio River valley southward to the Gulf of Mexico. There were four French and Wars between New and New France before the final British conquest

17th century North America