Anglais > Grammaire > Verbes > Auxiliaires > be - HAVE - do
Have un verbe essentiel en anglais qui peut être soit un auxiliaire, soit un verbe lexical signifiant généralement "avoir" (exceptions).
V (infinitif, simple present) | Vs (3° pers. simple present) | Ved (irrégulier) | Ving | |||||
C'est un verbe irrégulier qui a 4 formes : | |
have /ˈhæv/ | |
has /ˈhæz/ | |
had /ˈhæd/ | |
having /'hævɪŋ/ |
forme contractée | 've | 's | 'd | |||||
A la négation contractée, il se prononce ainsi : | |
haven't /'hævənt/ | |
hasn't /'hæzənt/ | |
hadn't /ˈhædənt/ |
En tant qu'auxiliaire, suivi du participe passé, il sert à former le present perfect (I have worked), le past perfect (I had worked) ou l'infinitif passé après un modal (I must have worked) ou après to (I'm happy to have worked). Il se conjugue et se contracte selon les tableaux ci-dessous.
En tant que verbe
lexical, have
correspond généralement au français "avoir". I have
three brothers and one sister. = J'ai trois frères et une soeur.
Il se conjugue généralement de la manière suivante aux temps simples :
Forme affirmative | Forme négative | Forme interrogative | |||||||
forme complète (anglais américain) |
forme contractée
(anglais britannique) |
complète | contractée américain / britannique |
américain | britannique | nég. contractée | |||
s i n |
1 | have | I have | I've got | I do not have | I don't have / I haven't got | do I have? | have I got? | don't I have? |
3 | has | he has | he's got | he does not have | he doesn't have / he hasn't got | does he have? | has he got? | doesn't he have? | |
p l u |
1 |
have | we have | we've got | we do not have | we don't have / we haven't got | do we have? | have we got? | don't we have? |
2 | you have | you've got | you do not have | you don't have / you haven't got | do you have? | have you got? | don't you have? | ||
3 | they have | they've got | they do not have | they don't have / they haven't got | do they have? | have they got? | don't they have? | ||
Exercice | Exercice | Exercice | Exercice |
Les formes have got / has got
ont tendance à être remplacées par les formes en have avec l'auxiliaire do(es) / did même en anglais
britannique.
Elles ne peuvent exprimer une idée d'habitude : I've got a headache now. I often have
headaches. = J'ai mal à la tête maintenant. J'ai souvent des
maux de tête.
Simple past | haut de page |
Forme affirmative | Forme négative | Forme interrogative | |||||
complète | complète | contractée | affirmative | nég. contractée | |||
s i n |
1 | had |
I had | I did not have | I didn't have | Did I have? | Didn't I have? |
3 | he had | he did not have | he didn't have | Did he have? | Didn't he have? | ||
p l u |
1 | we had | we did not have | we didn't have | Did we have? | Didn't we have? | |
2 | you had | you did not have | you didn't have | Did you have? | Didn't you have? | ||
3 | they had | they did not have | they didn't have | Did they have? | Didn't they have? | ||
Exercice | Exercice | Exercice | Exercice |
Aux temps composés have se conjugue comme un verbe normal : | haut de page |
Sa forme Ving est having /'hævɪŋ/ | Son participe passé est irrégulier had /hæd/ | |
Be Ving | Perfect | |
Present | I am having a headache. = Je suis en train d'avoir mal à la tête. | I have had a headache. = J'ai eu mal à la tête. |
Past | I was having a headache. = J'étais en train d'avoir mal à la tête. | I had had a headache. = J'avais eu mal à la tête. |
Have lexical se traduit
régulièrement par d'autres verbes qu'avoir en français (il se conjugue
alors comme un verbe ordinaire avec l'auxiliaire do(es) / did) :
faire | prendre | autres |
to have a dream = faire un rêve | to have breakfast = prendre le petit-déjeuner | to have lunch / dinner = déjeuner / dîner |
to have a (good) journey / trip = faire un (bon) voyage | to have a bath / a shower = prendre un bain / une douche | to have a wash / a shave = se laver / se raser |
to have a try/go [at sth] = faire un essai, essayer [qc] | to have a drink = prendre un verre | to have a rest / a swim = se reposer / se baigner |
to have a nervous breakdown = faire une crise de nerfs | to have a cup of tea / coffee = prendre un thé / un café | to have a look at = jeter un coup d'oeil à |
to have a heart attack = faire une crise cardiaque | to have a holiday = prendre/passer des vacances | to have a good time = (bien) s'amuser |
to have a wee = faire pipi | to have a poo = faire caca |
Have se traduit aussi par "être" dans de nombreuses expressions courantes.
Have to exprime l'obligation. Il est l'équivalent du modal must. | haut de page |
You have to work. = You must work.
= Tu dois travailler. / Il faut que tu travailles.
On peut aussi dire You've got to work en anglais
britannique courant mais seulement au présent, et pas pour exprimer une
habitude.
Au contraire de must, have to peut s'utiliser aux autres
temps et formes que le présent:
You had to work. = Tu devais
travailler. / Il fallait que tu travailles.
You will have to work. = Tu
devras travailler. / Il faudra que tu travailles.
La forme négative correspond à une absence
d'obligation, l'équivalent de needn't.
You don't have to work. = Tu
n'es pas obligé de travailler. On peut utiliser You haven't got to work au présent
non habituel.
Had better s'utilise pour exprimer un conseil. Se contracte généralement en 'd better. | haut de page |
You had
better work. = Tu ferais mieux de travailler.
I'd
better hurry. = Je ferais bien de me dépêcher.
They'd
better not sleep. = Ils ont intérêt à ne pas dormir.
Have + V s'utilise pour traduire "faire faire quelque chose à quelqu'un" have someone do something.
My parents had me clean my room. = Mes parents
m'ont fait nettoyer ma chambre.
Tableaux des formes complètes et contractées des temps simples de have en tant qu'auxiliaire | haut de page |
Forme affirmative | Forme négative | Forme interrogative | ||||
complète | contractée | complète | contractée (1) | affirmative | nég.complète (2) | nég. contractée |
I have | I've | I have not | I haven't / I've not | have I? | have I not? | haven't I? |
he has | he's | he has not | he hasn't / he's not | has he? | has he not? | hasn't he? |
we have | we've | we have not | we haven't / we've not | have we? | have we not? | haven't we? |
you have | you've | you have not | you haven't / you've not | have you? | have you not? | haven't you? |
they have | they've | they have not | they haven't / they've not | have they? | have they not? | haven't they? |
(1) La forme négative contractée "he's not" permet d'insister plus
sur la négation que la forme "he hasn't". Cette dernière est
plus utilisée avec un pronom. La
première avec un nom.
(2) La forme interro négative complète est très rare à
l'oral.
Forme affirmative | Forme négative | Forme interrogative | ||||
complète | contractée | complète | contractée | affirmative | nég.complète | nég. contractée |
I had | I'd | I had not | I hadn't | had I? | had I not? | hadn't I? |
he had | he'd | he had not | he hadn't | had he? | had he not? | hadn't he? |
we had | we'd | we had not | we hadn't | had we? | had we not? | hadn't we? |
you had | you'd | you had not | you hadn't | had you? | had you not? | hadn't you? |
they had | they'd | they had not | they hadn't | had they? | had they not? | hadn't they? |
Rappel de conjugaison | haut de page |
Au présent
- à l'affirmatif, have est le plus souvent suivi de got.
You have got courage. = Tu as du courage. Peter's got a new
bike. = Peter a une nouvelle bicyclette. He has (got) three
brothers. = Il a trois frères.
- au négatif et à l'interrogatif,
l'anglais britannique a tendance à utiliser have
comme auxiliaire suivi de got :
They haven't got the right
to come in. Ils n'ont pas le droit d'entrer. Have you got a car? Avez-vous
une voiture?
l'anglais américain conjugue have comme un verbe lexical
avec do comme auxiliaire.
They don't have the right
to come in. Ils n'ont pas le droit d'entrer. Do you have a car? Avez-vous une
voiture?
Au passé, have se conjugue ordinairement comme un
verbe lexical, c'est-à-dire avec l'auxiliaire did.
He had an accident, didn't he? Il a eu un accident, n'est-ce
pas ?
Did you have the opportunity to sing? As-tu eu l'occasion de
chanter ?
I didn't have the time to go. Je n'ai pas eu le temps d'y aller.